Hello and welcome! As others have said, the washer goes under the mast bearing, and the new bearing can/will be taller than an old worn one. The washer helps eliminate squeak as the mast rotates, which was a MAJOR annoyance on my boat before I replaced mine (funny how something so small and insignificant can get to be so irritating!) Whenever I've replaced my mast bearing, the bearing raises the mast almost to the point that I can't get the mast step pin in, but after a few times out it usually wears in to a point that it's no longer an issue.
The light blue tramp never really gets hot in the sun, especially when it's getting splashed with water every now and then.
Reinforcement plates are cheap and easy to come by, and well worth installing. The wings are highly sought after, so I'd keep them unless you're absolutely sure you'll never use them!
This may help with your setup questions:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dl7kZOQ5WQk