I got a little more done with this today. The peices still stuck in the mast are out now and it gave me a new approach. Instead of just building a sleeve inside the tip, I have shaved down the foam plug that was stuck in the mast , so that i can repair the cutouts and recess them so that they will smoothly fit inside the screw heads holding the tang on. I'll be repairing the base of the tip with standard poly fiberglass resin and cloth, much like I intended to build the inner sleeve. I think it will be much easier to do it like this, and probably a bit stronger too.
After the repair, I'll be following the rest of the previous plan, coating the mating surfaces and filling the recessed slots with marine JB. The hope is that the JB will surround and fill the screw heads, which are actually security heads (T-bit/star-bit), not phillips as I first thought.
Here is a pic of the peices recovered from inside the mast, which has been replaced on the comptip. It has not been cleaned, trimmed or repaired yet in this pic, just slid together.

Its still not pretty, and the bow side still needs to be completely rebuilt (fell apart as I took it out of the mast) but I think im better off than before. Weather permitting, I plan to have the repair done tomorrow, then the reinstallation the day after.
I'd like to have words with the person that did this, for doing something so silly. To me, this seems like they tried fixing a wall in a house by removing the foundation...
Kyrle